How often installations are inspected is up to the owner of the installation, provided such durations do not exceed any regulatory maximums in force. ...

The following tables provide quick order of magnitude fault levels for a a range of typical low voltage situations.

One of the requirements to ensuring that everything works is to have equipment selected, manufactured and verified [tested] to IEC standards. Not all equipment...

For unbalance conditions the calculation of fault currents is more complex. One method of dealing with this is symmetrical components. Using symmetrical...

Working in the vicinity of electrical equipment poses an hazard. In addition to electric shock hazard, fault currents passing through air causes Arc Flash...

There are a lot of interesting two page type notes on various medium voltage topics – switchgear, circuit breakers, bus systems etc. It is on the Siemens...

The other day I came across an article in Technology Review on the development of a smart transformer. A professor at North Carolina State University is...

This article gives an introduction to IEEE 485 method for the selection and calculation of battery capacity.

Per unit fault calculations is a method whereby system impedances and quantities are normalised across different voltage levels to a common base.  By removing...

Fault calculations are one of the most common types of calculation carried out during the design and analysis of electrical systems. These calculations...