A single phase system is perhaps the most common type of system most people are familiar with. This is what people have in their homes and what appliances...

I think this post is going to be helpful to several of our readers. While the IEC low voltage circuit breaker Standard [IEC 60947-2, Low voltage switchgear...

Traditionally generation of electricity has involved rotating machines to produce alternating sinusoidal voltage and current (a.c. systems). With the development...

Various techniques exist to enable the correct selection of batteries for UPS applications.  The procedure described below is one of the more common. ...

Over the past year or so I've been involved in on going discussions related to referring fault levels from the secondary of a transformer to the primary...

The correct sizing of current transformers is required to ensure satisfactory operation of measuring instruments and protection relays. Several methods...

Laplace transforms and their inverse are a mathematical technique which allows us to solve differential equations, by primarily using algebraic methods...

The windings of many medium and small sized transformers are protected by restricted earth fault (REF) systems. The illustration shows the principal of...

Modelica is an open source (free) software language for modelling complex systems. Having never used it before, I thought I would download a development...

Years ago I was told that you should always try to write the best report you can.  Many years later I still think on this as one of the better pieces of...