Fault calculations are one of the most common types of calculation carried out during the design and analysis of electrical systems. These calculations...

Depending where in the world you work, you are likely following one of two standards International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) National...

Working in the vicinity of electrical equipment poses an hazard. In addition to electric shock hazard, fault currents passing through air causes Arc Flash...

Alternating current (a.c.) is the backbone of modern electrical power distribution. In this article I’ll be pulling some of the more important concepts...

A quick post in connection with an email question: Live Tank - the circuit breaker the switching unit is located in an insulator bushing which is live...

Often document control is dictated by project requirements, for example a particular organisation may have an existing numbering system. Existing company...

Fire resistant and fire retardant cable sheaths are design to resist combustion and limit the propagation of flames. Low smokes cables have a sheath designed...

Over the past year or so I've been involved in on going discussions related to referring fault levels from the secondary of a transformer to the primary...

Per unit fault calculations is a method whereby system impedances and quantities are normalised across different voltage levels to a common base.  By removing...

The IEC publishes a series of documents and rules governing the preparation of documents, drawings and the referencing of equipment.   Depending on country...