The windings of many medium and small sized transformers are protected by restricted earth fault (REF) systems. The illustration shows the principal of...

Fault calculations are one of the most common types of calculation carried out during the design and analysis of electrical systems. These calculations...

Some colleagues had an issue earlier in the week on sizing conduits to be cast in concrete for some power cables . It became clear that none of us had...

Power cables can basically be classified into earthed and unearthed cables, where earthed and unearthed refer to the application for which the cable is...

Visitors who like to type web address rather then click menus may be interested in how our URL structure works.

Problems on achieving maximum voltage drop within an installation come up often. Depending where you live, local regulations will have different limits...

Circuit breakers are switching devices whose primary function is to isolate parts of an electrical distribution system in the even of abnormal conditions...

A load flow study is the analysis of an electrical network carried out by an electrical engineer. The purpose is to understand how power flows around...

When sizing cables, the heat generated  by losses within any sheath or armour need to be evaluated. When significant, it becomes a factor to be considered...

How often installations are inspected is up to the owner of the installation, provided such durations do not exceed any regulatory maximums in force. ...