Many medium voltage (MV) indoor switchgear rooms  exist worldwide. The complexity of these rooms varies considerably depending on location, function and...

Most installations involve some form of lightning protection system which is connected to an earth electrode.  The function of the earth electrode is to...

This post is quick introduction and overview to different railway electrification voltages used in answer to a question sent in via email. While there...

I think this post is going to be helpful to several of our readers. While the IEC low voltage circuit breaker Standard [IEC 60947-2, Low voltage switchgear...

HTML supports a variety of entity symbols which can be entered using either numbers or an entity name.  The number or name is preceded by the ‘&’ sign...

IEC 60228 is the International Electrotechnical Commission's international standard on conductors of insulated cables. Among other things, it defines a...

Electrical engineering is a field that covers a wide variety of sub-fields, including electricity and electronics. It is a field that goes back to the...

Years ago I was told that you should always try to write the best report you can.  Many years later I still think on this as one of the better pieces of...

Variable frequency drives are widely used to control the speed of ac motors.  This note looks at the mechanisms which enable drive units to control the...

Three phase systems are derived from three separate windings, either connected in delta or star (wye). Each winding can be treated separately, leading...