Current transformers (CTs) are used to convert high level currents to a smaller more reasonable level for use as inputs to protection relays and metering...

The other day I came across an article in Technology Review on the development of a smart transformer. A professor at North Carolina State University is...

This article gives an introduction to IEEE 485 method for the selection and calculation of battery capacity.

In the previous note we looked at the approach taken by the standard to the sizing of cables and illustrated this with an example.  We then looked at one...

The windings of many medium and small sized transformers are protected by restricted earth fault (REF) systems. The illustration shows the principal of...

Resistors are electronic components that oppose the flow of current.  Manufactured in various types and ranges they have a wide application to electronics...

Control theory looks at how systems work and are controlled from a mathematical view.  This note gives a brief introduction to some of the concepts – more...

Over the past year or so I've been involved in on going discussions related to referring fault levels from the secondary of a transformer to the primary...

Fault calculations are one of the most common types of calculation carried out during the design and analysis of electrical systems. These calculations...

Depending where in the world you work, you are likely following one of two standards International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) National...