Most installations involve some form of lightning protection system which is connected to an earth electrode.  The function of the earth electrode is to...

Lead acid batteries are cost effect and reliable, making them suitable for many applications.This note examines topics of interest associated with the...

In a previous article I looked at the dc resistance of conductors and in this article we turn our attention to ac resistance. If you have not read the...

The mobile phone was born in 1973. They were the size of a brick and weighed a couple of kg, making them difficult to fit into your pocket. At a few thousand...

A lot of our members work in countries where PPE (personal protective equipment) is regulated or they work for companies/organizations which take employee...

Fault calculations are one of the most common types of calculation carried out during the design and analysis of electrical systems. These calculations...

The following tables provide quick order of magnitude fault levels for a a range of typical low voltage situations.

Our question and answer system while letting you do exactly what it says, is much more.  It is a dynamic user driven system, where our users not only ask...

Modelica is an open source (free) software language for modelling complex systems. Having never used it before, I thought I would download a development...

When sizing cables, the heat generated  by losses within any sheath or armour need to be evaluated. When significant, it becomes a factor to be considered...