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Most installations involve some form of lightning protection system which is connected to an earth electrode.  The function of the earth electrode is to...

The correct sizing of current transformers is required to ensure satisfactory operation of measuring instruments and protection relays. Several methods...

In three phase systems, the use of transformers with three windings (or legs) per side is common.  These three windings are often connected in delta or...

Low voltage (LV) switchrooms are common across all industries and one of the more common spatial requirements which need to be designed into a project...

A battery consists of one or more cells, each of which use stored chemical energy to produce electrical energy, There are many types of cells and these...

The following tables provide quick order of magnitude fault levels for a a range of typical low voltage situations.

Electromechanical relays have been the traditional backbone of electrical protection systems.  While over recent years these have been replaced by microprocessor...

Carrying out a protection system discrimination study is critical to ensure the correct functioning of  the electrical system in the event of faults. ...

The IEC publishes a series of documents and rules governing the preparation of documents, drawings and the referencing of equipment.   Depending on country...