A single phase system is perhaps the most common type of system most people are familiar with. This is what people have in their homes and what appliances...

The following tables provide quick order of magnitude fault levels for a a range of typical low voltage situations.

This morning I was explaining how differential protection works to a junior engineer. To give him something to read I opened up the NPAG (Network Protection...

Following on from my post on railway electrification voltages, I thought an introduction to traction substations would be a good idea. Traction substations...

These lifts were first built in 1884 by J. E. Hall and called a paternoster ("Our Father", the first two words of the Lord's Prayer in Latin) due to its...

A lot of our members work in countries where PPE (personal protective equipment) is regulated or they work for companies/organizations which take employee...

When current flows within a wire, a magnetic field is created. The potion of this magnetic field perpendicular to the wire is called the magnetic flux...

Most installations involve some form of lightning protection system which is connected to an earth electrode.  The function of the earth electrode is to...

Three phase systems are derived from three separate windings, either connected in delta or star (wye). Each winding can be treated separately, leading...

Variable frequency drives are widely used to control the speed of ac motors.  This note looks at the mechanisms which enable drive units to control the...