For unbalance conditions the calculation of fault currents is more complex. One method of dealing with this is symmetrical components. Using symmetrical...

Using software in our  work is essential for most of us and we are becoming even more dependant on it's use.  While software is a great asset, many times...

The following tables provide quick order of magnitude fault levels for a a range of typical low voltage situations.

In three phase systems, the use of transformers with three windings (or legs) per side is common.  These three windings are often connected in delta or...

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Capacitors are widely used in electrical engineering for functions such as energy storage, power factor correction, voltage compensation and many others...

From the earliest times, humans have found ways to create light. Pre-historic peoples used natural materials (moss, grass, etc.) soaked in animal fat and...

Most installations involve some form of lightning protection system which is connected to an earth electrode.  The function of the earth electrode is to...

Power cables can basically be classified into earthed and unearthed cables, where earthed and unearthed refer to the application for which the cable is...

The windings of many medium and small sized transformers are protected by restricted earth fault (REF) systems. The illustration shows the principal of...