Years ago I was told that you should always try to write the best report you can.  Many years later I still think on this as one of the better pieces of...

Various arguments exist around SF6 Gas Insulated (GIS) and Air Insulated (AIS) medium voltage switchgear. Recently we had to change a GIS design to AI...

The following tables provide quick order of magnitude fault levels for a a range of typical low voltage situations.

Three phase systems are derived from three separate windings, either connected in delta or star (wye). Each winding can be treated separately, leading...

MIT OpenCourseWare, makes the materials used in teaching all MIT subjects available on the Web, free of charge, to any user in the world.

The term 'N+1' relates to redundancy and simply means that if you required 'N' items of equipment for something to work, you would have one additional...

It wasn't so long ago I was telling someone that I don't use rules of thumb as most things are easily calculated anyhow.   As it turns out I last week...

Most installations involve some form of lightning protection system which is connected to an earth electrode.  The function of the earth electrode is to...

Straight forward list of some common motor faults.  If I have missed any other common faults, please take a bit of time to add them in as a comment below...

A frequent problem in fault calculations is the obtaining of equipment parameters.  While it is always preferable to use the actual parameters of the equipment...