Electrical and related buildings technology
A recurring theme on our forums is cable sizing. Now many installations are unique and require special consideration. However, a lot of the time things...
One of the fundamental requirements of an alternating current distribution systems it to have the ability to change the magnitude of voltages. It is more...
The following tables provide quick order of magnitude fault levels for a a range of typical low voltage situations.
Per unit fault calculations is a method whereby system impedances and quantities are normalised across different voltage levels to a common base. By removing...
The windings of many medium and small sized transformers are protected by restricted earth fault (REF) systems. The illustration shows the principal of...
IEC 61439 'Low-voltage switchgear and controlgear assemblies', specifies standard arrangements of switchboard (call forms of internal separation). The...
Estimating maximum demand is a topic frequently discussed. Working out how much power to allow for a building can be very subjective . Allowing too much...
Following on from my post on railway electrification voltages, I thought an introduction to traction substations would be a good idea. Traction substations...
In an earlier note on the site [Photovoltaic (PV) - Electrical Calculations], the theory of solar (PV) cell calculations was introduced. In particular...
Most installations involve some form of lightning protection system which is connected to an earth electrode. The function of the earth electrode is to...
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