Lead acid batteries are cost effect and reliable, making them suitable for many applications.This note examines topics of interest associated with the...

If you have a great idea or invent something the last thing you want is someone to steal the idea. One of the things you can do is protect the intellectual...

The (relatively new) switchgear and control gear standard, IEC 61439 'Low-voltage switchgear and controlgear assemblies' has three methods which can be...

This morning I was explaining how differential protection works to a junior engineer. To give him something to read I opened up the NPAG (Network Protection...

The widely used United Sates standard ANSI/IEEE C37.2 'Electrical Power System Device Function Numbers, Acronyms, and Contact Designations' deals with...

The following tables provide quick order of magnitude fault levels for a a range of typical low voltage situations.

Problems on achieving maximum voltage drop within an installation come up often. Depending where you live, local regulations will have different limits...

A single phase system is perhaps the most common type of system most people are familiar with. This is what people have in their homes and what appliances...

One of the fundamental requirements of an alternating current distribution systems it to have the ability to change the magnitude of voltages.  It is more...

Often us engineers get so bogged down in equations, using software, producing drawings and writing specifications that this becomes the sole focus.   ...