Three phase systems are derived from three separate windings, either connected in delta or star (wye). Each winding can be treated separately, leading...

There are a lot of interesting two page type notes on various medium voltage topics – switchgear, circuit breakers, bus systems etc. It is on the Siemens...

Within Europe the European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization (CENELEC) has standardised the both the designation and colour of cables.   ...

Recently I have seen a few interesting articles on viable cold fusion; the combining of atoms at room like temperatures to create boundless energy. Now...

If you have no idea how electrical circuits work, or what people mean then they talk about volts and amps, hopefully I can shed a bit light.  I’m intending...

The following tables provide quick order of magnitude fault levels for a a range of typical low voltage situations.

Lead acid batteries are cost effect and reliable, making them suitable for many applications.This note examines topics of interest associated with the...

One of the requirements to ensuring that everything works is to have equipment selected, manufactured and verified [tested] to IEC standards. Not all equipment...

The windings of many medium and small sized transformers are protected by restricted earth fault (REF) systems. The illustration shows the principal of...

The other day I came across an article in Technology Review on the development of a smart transformer. A professor at North Carolina State University is...