Problems on achieving maximum voltage drop within an installation come up often. Depending where you live, local regulations will have different limits...

Control theory looks at how systems work and are controlled from a mathematical view.  This note gives a brief introduction to some of the concepts – more...

Photovoltaic (PV) cells (sometimes called solar cells) convert solar energy into electrical energy.  Every year more and more PV systems are installed...

Dielectrics (insulating materials for example) when subjected to a varying electric field, will have some energy loss.   The varying electric field causes...

Just added a page to the tools, which will allow you to calculate the synchronous speed, slip and rated torque for an induction motor. Not a particularly...

Depending where in the world you work, you are likely following one of two standards International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) National...

Following on from my post on railway electrification voltages, I thought an introduction to traction substations would be a good idea. Traction substations...

A load flow study is the analysis of an electrical network carried out by an electrical engineer. The purpose is to understand how power flows around...

The following tables provide quick order of magnitude fault levels for a a range of typical low voltage situations.

When selecting a cable, the performance of the cable under fault conditions is an important consideration. It is important that calculations be carried...