In three phase systems, the use of transformers with three windings (or legs) per side is common.  These three windings are often connected in delta or...

The windings of many medium and small sized transformers are protected by restricted earth fault (REF) systems. The illustration shows the principal of...

Installation of a UPS can help in reducing problems due to issues with the power supply.  A lot of people relate this to nine key issues.  Depending on...

The fundamental component of any analogue computer is the operational amplifier, or op amp. An operational amplifier (often called an op-amp,) is a high...

Electric motors are one of the most widely used items of electrical equipment. Improving motor efficiency benefits include, reduced power demand, lower...

Anyone specifying or using electric motors should have a basic understanding how the insulation is related to temperature. Three classes of insulation...

This post is quick introduction and overview to different railway electrification voltages used in answer to a question sent in via email. While there...

This article gives an introduction to IEEE 485 method for the selection and calculation of battery capacity.

Traditionally substations have used circuit breakers, current transformers (CT), voltage transformers (VT) and protection relays all wired together using...

Lead acid batteries are cost effect and reliable, making them suitable for many applications.This note examines topics of interest associated with the...