Over the past year or so I've been involved in on going discussions related to referring fault levels from the secondary of a transformer to the primary...

When selecting a generator, there are inherent limits on the active and reactive power which can be delivered. Generators are normally sized for a certain...

IEC 60947 is the circuit breaker standard and covers the marking of breakers in detail. Any manufacturer following this standard should comply with the...

The fundamental component of any analogue computer is the operational amplifier, or op amp. An operational amplifier (often called an op-amp,) is a high...

For unbalance conditions the calculation of fault currents is more complex. One method of dealing with this is symmetrical components. Using symmetrical...

Various arguments exist around SF6 Gas Insulated (GIS) and Air Insulated (AIS) medium voltage switchgear. Recently we had to change a GIS design to AI...

This is the second post in a series of two on periodic electrical inspections. In the first post, I discussed how often inspections should be carried out...

This article gives an introduction to IEEE 485 method for the selection and calculation of battery capacity.

The correct sizing of current transformers is required to ensure satisfactory operation of measuring instruments and protection relays. Several methods...

A lot of our members work in countries where PPE (personal protective equipment) is regulated or they work for companies/organizations which take employee...