This morning I was explaining how differential protection works to a junior engineer. To give him something to read I opened up the NPAG (Network Protection...

This article gives an introduction to IEEE 485 method for the selection and calculation of battery capacity.

Motor starting and its associated problems are well-known to many people who have worked on large industrial processes. However, these things are, of course...

In the previous note we looked at the approach taken by the standard to the sizing of cables and illustrated this with an example.  We then looked at one...

Photovoltaic (PV) cells (sometimes called solar cells) convert solar energy into electrical energy.  Every year more and more PV systems are installed...

HTML supports a variety of entity symbols which can be entered using either numbers or an entity name.  The number or name is preceded by the ‘&’ sign...

This post is quick introduction and overview to different railway electrification voltages used in answer to a question sent in via email. While there...

Following on from my post on railway electrification voltages, I thought an introduction to traction substations would be a good idea. Traction substations...

Everything physical in electrical engineering from insulations to conductors revolves around materials. Here we are listing common materials along with...

One of the requirements to ensuring that everything works is to have equipment selected, manufactured and verified [tested] to IEC standards. Not all equipment...