Photovoltaic (PV) cells (sometimes called solar cells) convert solar energy into electrical energy.  Every year more and more PV systems are installed...

Low voltage (LV) switchrooms are common across all industries and one of the more common spatial requirements which need to be designed into a project...

This post is quick introduction and overview to different railway electrification voltages used in answer to a question sent in via email. While there...

Over the past year or so I've been involved in on going discussions related to referring fault levels from the secondary of a transformer to the primary...

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Following on from my post on railway electrification voltages, I thought an introduction to traction substations would be a good idea. Traction substations...

A frequent problem in fault calculations is the obtaining of equipment parameters.  While it is always preferable to use the actual parameters of the equipment...

Earthing of electrical systems is essential for the correct functioning and the protecting of life and equipment in the event of faults.  The earth electrode...

This is the first of two posts on the resistance of conductors. In the next post I will look at the ac resistance, including skin effect and we deal with...

A recurring theme on our forums is cable sizing. Now many installations are unique and require special consideration. However, a lot of the time things...