Various arguments exist around SF6 Gas Insulated (GIS) and Air Insulated (AIS) medium voltage switchgear. Recently we had to change a GIS design to AI...

Motor starting and its associated problems are well-known to many people who have worked on large industrial processes. However, these things are, of course...

Most installations involve some form of lightning protection system which is connected to an earth electrode.  The function of the earth electrode is to...

While not as popular as it once was, frame leakage protection does still have some use in some circumstances.  In essence frame leakage is an earth fault...

Photovoltaic (PV) cells (sometimes called solar cells) convert solar energy into electrical energy.  Every year more and more PV systems are installed...

Capacitors have numerous applications in electrical and electronic applications.  This note examines the use of capacitors to store electrical energy....

Using software in our  work is essential for most of us and we are becoming even more dependant on it's use.  While software is a great asset, many times...

Induction motors are frequently used in both industrial and domestic applications.  Within the induction motor, an electrical current in the rotor is induced...

Fault calculations are one of the most common types of calculation carried out during the design and analysis of electrical systems. These calculations...

Problems on achieving maximum voltage drop within an installation come up often. Depending where you live, local regulations will have different limits...