Fundamental electrical engineering concepts and theory
Per unit fault calculations is a method whereby system impedances and quantities are normalised across different voltage levels to a common base. By removing...
Lead acid batteries are cost effect and reliable, making them suitable for many applications.This note examines topics of interest associated with the...
Three phase systems are derived from three separate windings, either connected in delta or star (wye). Each winding can be treated separately, leading...
When making adding a Note to our site we have a great online WYSIWYG editor and things are pretty simple. However, if you prefer you can write, manage...
Current transformers (CTs) are used to convert high level currents to a smaller more reasonable level for use as inputs to protection relays and metering...
At the beginning of the year China put the world's first 1,000 kV UHV transmission system into operation. Transmitting power at over a million volts is...
The International System of Units (abbreviated SI) is the world's most widely used system of units. The system consists of a set of units and prefixes...
The European Union is implementing a voluntary code of practice for participants with the aim of improving the overall efficiency of data centres. As part...
The windings of many medium and small sized transformers are protected by restricted earth fault (REF) systems. The illustration shows the principal of...
The image (reproduced from IEC 60909) shows a typical fault in an ac system. From the illustration it can seen that there is an initial dc component ...
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