Lead acid batteries are cost effect and reliable, making them suitable for many applications.This note examines topics of interest associated with the...

I have been thinking recently that there appears to be less professional integrity around than when I first started my career in electrical engineering...

Alternating current (a.c.) is the backbone of modern electrical power distribution. In this article I’ll be pulling some of the more important concepts...

Many medium voltage (MV) indoor switchgear rooms  exist worldwide. The complexity of these rooms varies considerably depending on location, function and...

The following tables provide quick order of magnitude fault levels for a a range of typical low voltage situations.

A fundamental concept behind the operation of alternating current systems is that voltage and current waveforms will be sinusoidal – a Sine Wave. This...

Most installations involve some form of lightning protection system which is connected to an earth electrode.  The function of the earth electrode is to...

Some colleagues had an issue earlier in the week on sizing conduits to be cast in concrete for some power cables . It became clear that none of us had...

A recurring theme on our forums is cable sizing. Now many installations are unique and require special consideration. However, a lot of the time things...

The mobile phone was born in 1973. They were the size of a brick and weighed a couple of kg, making them difficult to fit into your pocket. At a few thousand...