The windings of many medium and small sized transformers are protected by restricted earth fault (REF) systems. The illustration shows the principal of...

Insulation on a motor prevents interconnection of windings and the winding to earth.  When looking at motors, it is important to understand how the insulation...

A lot of our members work in countries where PPE (personal protective equipment) is regulated or they work for companies/organizations which take employee...

A single phase system is perhaps the most common type of system most people are familiar with. This is what people have in their homes and what appliances...

A load flow study is the analysis of an electrical network carried out by an electrical engineer. The purpose is to understand how power flows around...

The following tables provide quick order of magnitude fault levels for a a range of typical low voltage situations.

This article gives an introduction to IEEE 485 method for the selection and calculation of battery capacity.

Control theory looks at how systems work and are controlled from a mathematical view.  This note gives a brief introduction to some of the concepts – more...

Circuit breakers are switching devices whose primary function is to isolate parts of an electrical distribution system in the even of abnormal conditions...

GE have put together a time-lapse video shown flight take-off and landings at some airports. An interesting view: