Fault Calculations - Typical Equipment Parameters 

By on

A frequent problem in fault calculations is the obtaining of equipment parameters. While it is always preferable to use the actual parameters of the equipment, sometimes these are not available. In this instance it is necessary to resort to the use of typical parameters.

This note is intended to become a collection of typical parameters. If there is something missing or needs adding, please leave a comment in the discussion.

HV Network Impedance

Impedance of HV network referred to LV side of transformer

Psc Uo (V) Ra (mΩ) Xa (mΩ)
250 MVA 420 0.106 0.71
500 MVA 420 0.053 0.353

Low Voltage Power Transformers

Transformer Short Circuit Impedance

Typical values short circuit impedance, USC for different kVA ratings (HV winding < 20 kV)

  Type of Transformer
transformer rating oil-immersed cast-resin
50 to 630 4% 6%
800 to 2500 6% 6%

Transformer Impedance (400 V)

Resistance, reactance and impedance for typical transformers (HV winding <20 kV)

transformer rated power (kVA) 50 100 160 250 315 400 500 630 800 1000 1250 1600 2000 2500
oil-immersed Usc % 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 6 6 6 6 6 6
  Rtr 95.3 37.9 16.2 9.2 6.9 5.1 3.9 2.9 2.9 2.3 1.8 1.4 1.1 0.9
  Xtr 104.1 59.5 41.0 26.7 21.3 16.9 13.6 10.8 12.9 10.3 8.3 6.5 5.2 4.1
  Ztr 141.1 70.5 44.1 28.2 22.4 17.7 14.1 11.2 13.2 10.6 8.5 6.6 5.3 4.2
cast-resin Usc % 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
  Rtr   33.5 18.6 10.7 8.2 6.1 4.6 3.5 2.6 1.9 1.5 1.1 0.8 0.6
  Xtr   100.4 63.5 41.0 32.6 25.8 20.7 16.4 13.0 10.4 8.3 6.5 5.2 4.2
  Ztr   105.8 66.2 42.4 33.6 26.5 21.2 16.8 13.3 10.6 8.4 6.6 5.3 4.2

 

Synchronous Machines

Performance Under Fault Conditions

Sub-transient emf:  myElectrical Equation

Transient emf:  myElectrical Equation 

Synchronous emf:  myElectrical Equation
Fault current: myElectrical Equation

Typical Machine Reactances

Typical Machine Reactances (& Time Constants

  Cylindrical Rotor
Turbine Generators

Salient Pole Generators
  Salient Pole
Synchronous
Condensers

Conventional
Direct
Cooled

4 Pole

Multi-Pole
Synchronous
Direct axis Xd pu 1.6-2.0 0.8-1.0 2.0-2.3 2.1-2.4 1.3-2.1 1.3-1.5
Quadrature axis Xq pu 1.0-1.25 0.5-0.65 1.95-2.1 1.95-2.25 0.6-1.2 0.8-1.0
Transient
Reactance  Xd' pu 0.3-0.5 0.2-0.35 0.18-0.25 0.27-0.30 0.15-0.35 0.4-0.5
Short circuit τd' s 1.5-2.5 1.0-2.0 0.75-1.0 0.75-1.0 0.8-1.2 0.8-1.2
Open circuit τdo' s 5-10 3-7 4-8 6-9.5 4-8 3-7
Sub-transient
Direct axis Xd'' pu 0.2-0.4 0.12-0.25 0.11-0.13 0.19-0.23 0.1-0.25 0.2-0.35
Quadrature axis Xq'' pu 0.25-0.6 0.15-0.45 0.11-0.13 0.19-0.23 0.14-0.35 0.2-0.35
Short circuit - direct axis τd' s 0.04-0.09 0.05-0.10 0.015-0.025 0.02-0.03 0.02-0.04 0.02-0.07
Open circuit - direct axis τd'' s 0.07-0.11 0.08-0.25 0.015-0.025 0.02-0.03 0.04-0.07 0.02-0.07
Short circuit - quadrature axis τq'' s 0.04-0.6 0.05-0.6 0.015-0.025 0.02-0.03 0.10-0.15 0.02-0.07
Open circuit - quadrature axis τq0'' s 0.1-1.2 0.2-0.9 0.015-0.025 0.02-0.03 0.3-0.7 0.1-0.2
Other Reactances
Negative sequence X-ve pu 0.25-0.5 0.14-0.35 0.11-0.13 0.19-0.23 0.12-0.3 0.2-0.35
Zero sequence  Xo pu 0.12-0.16 0.06-0.10 0.05-0.075 0.11-0.16 0.03-0.10 0.1-0.2

Cables

myElectrical Equation
myElectrical Equation

where:

d = distance between centre
r = geometric mean radius
a = cross sectional area (mm)

TypicalEquipmentCables



Steven McFadyen's avatar Steven McFadyen

Steven has over twenty five years experience working on some of the largest construction projects. He has a deep technical understanding of electrical engineering and is keen to share this knowledge. About the author

myElectrical Engineering

comments powered by Disqus



Generator Sizing & Operation Limits

When selecting a generator, there are inherent limits on the active and reactive power which can be delivered. Generators are normally sized for a certain...

Tech Topics/Application Notes - Siemens

There are a lot of interesting two page type notes on various medium voltage topics – switchgear, circuit breakers, bus systems etc. It is on the Siemens...

Understanding electric motor insulation & temperature

Anyone specifying or using electric motors should have a basic understanding how the insulation is related to temperature. Three classes of insulation...

Meeting room of the future

The IET site has a video of a visit showing of a high tech meeting room developed at Napier University in Edinburgh. It a good demonstration of innovative...

How to Write an Electrical Note

Electrical notes are a collaborative collection of electrical engineering information and educational material. Any registered user can add content. ...

The ac resistance of conductors

In a previous article I looked at the dc resistance of conductors and in this article we turn our attention to ac resistance. If you have not read the...

Paths of Flight

GE have put together a time-lapse video shown flight take-off and landings at some airports. An interesting view:

Cables for MV Power Distribution - Earthed versus Unearthed Systems

Power cables can basically be classified into earthed and unearthed cables, where earthed and unearthed refer to the application for which the cable is...

Michael Faraday (the father of electrical engineering)

Famed English chemist and physicist Michael Faraday was born on September 22, 1791, in Newington Butts, a suburb of Surrey just south of the London Bridge...

Copyright Infringement

myElectrical does not support or promote the use of copyrighted material without the copyright owner's consent. If you believe that material for which...

Have some knowledge to share

If you have some expert knowledge or experience, why not consider sharing this with our community.  

By writing an electrical note, you will be educating our users and at the same time promoting your expertise within the engineering community.

To get started and understand our policy, you can read our How to Write an Electrical Note