Problems on achieving maximum voltage drop within an installation come up often. Depending where you live, local regulations will have different limits...

Carrying out a protection system discrimination study is critical to ensure the correct functioning of  the electrical system in the event of faults. ...

The (relatively new) switchgear and control gear standard, IEC 61439 'Low-voltage switchgear and controlgear assemblies' has three methods which can be...

Electric motors are one of the most widely used items of electrical equipment. Improving motor efficiency benefits include, reduced power demand, lower...

The correct sizing of current transformers is required to ensure satisfactory operation of measuring instruments and protection relays. Several methods...

Often document control is dictated by project requirements, for example a particular organisation may have an existing numbering system. Existing company...

This post is quick introduction and overview to different railway electrification voltages used in answer to a question sent in via email. While there...

Various techniques exist to enable the correct selection of batteries for UPS applications.  The procedure described below is one of the more common. ...

When selecting a cable, the performance of the cable under fault conditions is an important consideration. It is important that calculations be carried...

In a previous article I looked at the dc resistance of conductors and in this article we turn our attention to ac resistance. If you have not read the...