Most installations involve some form of lightning protection system which is connected to an earth electrode.  The function of the earth electrode is to...

When sizing cables, the heat generated  by losses within any sheath or armour need to be evaluated. When significant, it becomes a factor to be considered...

Over the past year or so I've been involved in on going discussions related to referring fault levels from the secondary of a transformer to the primary...

If your are ever called out to troubleshoot something on your electrical system, one of the first things consider is the supply voltage. You want to ensure...

Depending where in the world you work, you are likely following one of two standards International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) National...

Lead acid batteries are cost effect and reliable, making them suitable for many applications.This note examines topics of interest associated with the...

Modelica is an open source (free) software language for modelling complex systems. Having never used it before, I thought I would download a development...

When thinking about watts (W) or kilowatt (kW = 1000 W) it can be useful too keep in mind the fundamental ideas behind the unit. Watt is not a pure electrical...

I think this post is going to be helpful to several of our readers. While the IEC low voltage circuit breaker Standard [IEC 60947-2, Low voltage switchgear...

Lamps are the essential part of any luminaire. These are the light generating components. Since the advent of electrical lighting in the middle of the...