These lifts were first built in 1884 by J. E. Hall and called a paternoster ("Our Father", the first two words of the Lord's Prayer in Latin) due to its...

IEC 60947 is the circuit breaker standard and covers the marking of breakers in detail. Any manufacturer following this standard should comply with the...

Often document control is dictated by project requirements, for example a particular organisation may have an existing numbering system. Existing company...

The term 'N+1' relates to redundancy and simply means that if you required 'N' items of equipment for something to work, you would have one additional...

The image (reproduced from IEC 60909) shows a typical fault in an ac system.  From the illustration it can seen that there is an initial dc component ...

The following tables provide quick order of magnitude fault levels for a a range of typical low voltage situations.

Traditionally substations have used circuit breakers, current transformers (CT), voltage transformers (VT) and protection relays all wired together using...

Years ago I was told that you should always try to write the best report you can.  Many years later I still think on this as one of the better pieces of...

Electrical engineering has a multitude of laws and theorems. It is fair to say the Ohm's Law is one of the more widely known; it not the most known. Developed...

Following on from my post on railway electrification voltages, I thought an introduction to traction substations would be a good idea. Traction substations...