The following tables provide quick order of magnitude fault levels for a a range of typical low voltage situations.

Often us engineers get so bogged down in equations, using software, producing drawings and writing specifications that this becomes the sole focus.   ...

MIT OpenCourseWare, makes the materials used in teaching all MIT subjects available on the Web, free of charge, to any user in the world.

Many medium voltage (MV) indoor switchgear rooms  exist worldwide. The complexity of these rooms varies considerably depending on location, function and...

Over the past year or so I've been involved in on going discussions related to referring fault levels from the secondary of a transformer to the primary...

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The windings of many medium and small sized transformers are protected by restricted earth fault (REF) systems. The illustration shows the principal of...

Modelica is an open source (free) software language for modelling complex systems. Having never used it before, I thought I would download a development...

From the earliest times, humans have found ways to create light. Pre-historic peoples used natural materials (moss, grass, etc.) soaked in animal fat and...