The term 'N+1' relates to redundancy and simply means that if you required 'N' items of equipment for something to work, you would have one additional...

Some colleagues had an issue earlier in the week on sizing conduits to be cast in concrete for some power cables . It became clear that none of us had...

Exposure to time varying magnetic fields, from power frequencies to the gigahertz range can have harmful consequences.  A lot of research has been conducted...

The following tables provide quick order of magnitude fault levels for a a range of typical low voltage situations.

Steel ladders, trays and baskets form the backbone of cable containment systems. Often these items need some form of surface treatment to prevent corrosion...

Control theory looks at how systems work and are controlled from a mathematical view.  This note gives a brief introduction to some of the concepts – more...

Problems on achieving maximum voltage drop within an installation come up often. Depending where you live, local regulations will have different limits...

Over the past year or so I've been involved in on going discussions related to referring fault levels from the secondary of a transformer to the primary...

A fundamental concept behind the operation of alternating current systems is that voltage and current waveforms will be sinusoidal – a Sine Wave. This...

This article gives an introduction to IEEE 485 method for the selection and calculation of battery capacity.