Many medium voltage (MV) indoor switchgear rooms  exist worldwide. The complexity of these rooms varies considerably depending on location, function and...

The International System of Units (abbreviated SI) is the world's most widely used system of units.  The system consists of a set of units and prefixes...

Control theory looks at how systems work and are controlled from a mathematical view.  This note gives a brief introduction to some of the concepts – more...

If you have a great idea or invent something the last thing you want is someone to steal the idea. One of the things you can do is protect the intellectual...

Most installations involve some form of lightning protection system which is connected to an earth electrode.  The function of the earth electrode is to...

This post is quick introduction and overview to different railway electrification voltages used in answer to a question sent in via email. While there...

Over the past year or so I've been involved in on going discussions related to referring fault levels from the secondary of a transformer to the primary...

A battery consists of one or more cells, each of which use stored chemical energy to produce electrical energy, There are many types of cells and these...

Variable frequency drives are widely used to control the speed of ac motors.  This note looks at the mechanisms which enable drive units to control the...

Motor starting and its associated problems are well-known to many people who have worked on large industrial processes. However, these things are, of course...