When selecting a cable, the performance of the cable under fault conditions is an important consideration. It is important that calculations be carried...

When current flows within a wire, a magnetic field is created. The potion of this magnetic field perpendicular to the wire is called the magnetic flux...

This morning I was explaining how differential protection works to a junior engineer. To give him something to read I opened up the NPAG (Network Protection...

This article gives an introduction to IEEE 485 method for the selection and calculation of battery capacity.

The new standard IEC 61439 replaces the old 60439. Compared to the old standard, the new 61439 is a more clearly defined and takes into account the assembly...

One of the comments on my Motor Starting Series was asking for something on duty cycles. Here it is. As a purchaser of a motor, you have responsibility...

The (relatively new) switchgear and control gear standard, IEC 61439 'Low-voltage switchgear and controlgear assemblies' has three methods which can be...

Most installations involve some form of lightning protection system which is connected to an earth electrode.  The function of the earth electrode is to...

Depending where in the world you work, you are likely following one of two standards International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) National...

Anyone specifying or using electric motors should have a basic understanding how the insulation is related to temperature. Three classes of insulation...