Anyone specifying or using electric motors should have a basic understanding how the insulation is related to temperature. Three classes of insulation...

Control theory looks at how systems work and are controlled from a mathematical view.  This note gives a brief introduction to some of the concepts – more...

IEC 60947 is the circuit breaker standard and covers the marking of breakers in detail. Any manufacturer following this standard should comply with the...

If two dissimilar metals are touching and an external conducting path exists, corrosion of one the metals can take place.  Moisture or other materials...

The 27 km, Euro 6 billion  Collider lies on the border between France and Switzerland, took nearly 30 years to complete.  Some of the lofty goals for the...

Fault calculations are one of the most common types of calculation carried out during the design and analysis of electrical systems. These calculations...

Years ago I was told that you should always try to write the best report you can.  Many years later I still think on this as one of the better pieces of...

In three phase systems, the use of transformers with three windings (or legs) per side is common.  These three windings are often connected in delta or...

When sizing cables, the heat generated  by losses within any sheath or armour need to be evaluated. When significant, it becomes a factor to be considered...

Many questions sent in to the site are in connection with motor starting and in particular star-delta.  For all but the simplest application, there is...