IEC 60228 is the International Electrotechnical Commission's international standard on conductors of insulated cables. Among other things, it defines a...

Capacitors have numerous applications in electrical and electronic applications.  This note examines the use of capacitors to store electrical energy....

The windings of many medium and small sized transformers are protected by restricted earth fault (REF) systems. The illustration shows the principal of...

The inventor of the first visible light-emitting diode makes history again this year as it begins to show customers a 40-watt replacement GE Energy Smart...

Many questions sent in to the site are in connection with motor starting and in particular star-delta.  For all but the simplest application, there is...

Per unit fault calculations is a method whereby system impedances and quantities are normalised across different voltage levels to a common base.  By removing...

This post is quick introduction and overview to different railway electrification voltages used in answer to a question sent in via email. While there...

Motor starting and its associated problems are well-known to many people who have worked on large industrial processes. However, these things are, of course...

Within Europe the European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization (CENELEC) has standardised the both the designation and colour of cables.   ...

The International System of Units (abbreviated SI) is the world's most widely used system of units.  The system consists of a set of units and prefixes...