Low voltage (LV) switchrooms are common across all industries and one of the more common spatial requirements which need to be designed into a project...

Fault calculations are one of the most common types of calculation carried out during the design and analysis of electrical systems. These calculations...

Working in the vicinity of electrical equipment poses an hazard. In addition to electric shock hazard, fault currents passing through air causes Arc Flash...

It's been a busy few months on different projects or busy couple of decades depending on how I look at it. I can say that on the odd (frequent) occasion...

Induction motors are frequently used in both industrial and domestic applications.  Within the induction motor, an electrical current in the rotor is induced...

This morning I was explaining how differential protection works to a junior engineer. To give him something to read I opened up the NPAG (Network Protection...

Following on from my post on railway electrification voltages, I thought an introduction to traction substations would be a good idea. Traction substations...

In three phase systems, the use of transformers with three windings (or legs) per side is common.  These three windings are often connected in delta or...

Depending where in the world you work, you are likely following one of two standards International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) National...

Over the past year or so I've been involved in on going discussions related to referring fault levels from the secondary of a transformer to the primary...