Power systems theory - generation, transmissions and distribution
Photovoltaic (PV) systems are typically more efficient when connected in parallel with a main power gird. During periods when the PV system generates energy this can be utilized and the grid energy u... read more..
Per unit fault calculations is a method whereby system impedances and quantities are normalised across different voltage levels to a common base. By removing the impact of varying voltages, the... read more..
For unbalance conditions the calculation of fault currents is more complex. One method of dealing with this is symmetrical components. Using symmetrical components, the unbalance system is broken dow... read more..
In the previous note we looked at the approach taken by the standard to the sizing of cables and illustrated this with an example. We then looked at one method of applying the standard and iden... read more..
Current transformers (CTs) are used to convert high level currents to a sma... read more..
IEC 60287 "Calculation of the continuous current rating of cables (100% load factor)" is the International Standard which defines the procedures and equations to be used in determining the ... read more..
The image (reproduced from IEC 60909) shows a typical fault in an ac system. From the illustration it can seen that there is an initial dc component (id.c.). This initial dc compo... read more..
One of the fundamental requirements of an alternating current distribution systems it to have the ability to change the magnitude of voltages. It is more efficient to transmit power at high voltag... read more..
I've recently come across this question a couple times browsing the internet. Decided to give a quick answer here. A rectifier transformer is a transformer which includes diodes or thyristors in the sam... read more..
Over the past year or so I've been involved in on going discussions related to referring fault levels from the secondary of a transformer to the primary side. While this is easy for some people to... read more..
Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) is the study of coordinating electromagnetic fields give off equipment, with the withstand (compatibility) of other equipment within the vicinity. In it's simplest... read more..
Installation of a UPS can help in reducing problems due to issues with the power supply. A lot of people relate this to nine key issues. Depending on the type of UPS installed it is possible... read more..
Over the past year or so I've been involved in on going discussions related to referring fault levels from the secondary of a transformer to the primary...
Have an opinion or something to say, want to ask or answer questions, share your knowledge then use our site to do it . As a community of people interested...
The IEC publishes a series of documents and rules governing the preparation of documents, drawings and the referencing of equipment. Depending on country...
Lamps are the essential part of any luminaire. These are the light generating components. Since the advent of electrical lighting in the middle of the...
We have a sister note to this (Robots - Interesting Video), in which I have posted some videos of interesting robots developed by commercial corporations...
A single phase system is perhaps the most common type of system most people are familiar with. This is what people have in their homes and what appliances...
For unbalance conditions the calculation of fault currents is more complex. One method of dealing with this is symmetrical components. Using symmetrical...
A fundamental concept behind the operation of alternating current systems is that voltage and current waveforms will be sinusoidal – a Sine Wave. This...
Visitors who like to type web address rather then click menus may be interested in how our URL structure works.
Following on from my post on railway electrification voltages, I thought an introduction to traction substations would be a good idea. Traction substations...
If you have some expert knowledge or experience, why not consider sharing this with our community.
By writing an electrical note, you will be educating our users and at the same time promoting your expertise within the engineering community.
To get started and understand our policy, you can read our How to Write an Electrical Note.