Photovoltaic (PV) cells (sometimes called solar cells) convert solar energy into electrical energy.  Every year more and more PV systems are installed...

In an earlier note on the site [Photovoltaic (PV) - Electrical Calculations], the theory of solar (PV) cell calculations was introduced.  In particular...

In a previous article I looked at the dc resistance of conductors and in this article we turn our attention to ac resistance. If you have not read the...

This article gives an introduction to IEEE 485 method for the selection and calculation of battery capacity.

It starts with me reading one of the Horrible History books with my son (Groovy Greeks). Arrows were mentioned which lead to the discussion of the bodkin...

Coils of wire on the rotor carry a d.c. current which generates a magnetic field. A stator magnetic field is created using either permanent magnets or...

Estimating maximum demand is a topic frequently discussed. Working out how much power to allow for a building can be very subjective . Allowing too much...

Most installations involve some form of lightning protection system which is connected to an earth electrode.  The function of the earth electrode is to...

The following tables provide quick order of magnitude fault levels for a a range of typical low voltage situations.

If you want to check a circuit is dead (not live), you should always use the three point method. First check a known live circuit, then check the dead...