Anyone specifying or using electric motors should have a basic understanding how the insulation is related to temperature. Three classes of insulation...

Battery powered cars are a hot topic and widely debated. The pros, cons, issues and time frames can be talked about endlessly. An article by the Telegraph...

Problems on achieving maximum voltage drop within an installation come up often. Depending where you live, local regulations will have different limits...

Carrying out a protection system discrimination study is critical to ensure the correct functioning of  the electrical system in the event of faults. ...

Gauss's Electrical law defines the relation between charge ("Positive" & "Negative") and electric field.  The law was initially formulated by Carl Friedrich...

A single phase system is perhaps the most common type of system most people are familiar with. This is what people have in their homes and what appliances...

The windings of many medium and small sized transformers are protected by restricted earth fault (REF) systems. The illustration shows the principal of...

The IEC publishes a series of documents and rules governing the preparation of documents, drawings and the referencing of equipment.   Depending on country...

Fault calculations are one of the most common types of calculation carried out during the design and analysis of electrical systems. These calculations...

In three phase systems, the use of transformers with three windings (or legs) per side is common.  These three windings are often connected in delta or...